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Table 3 Socio-demographic and health measures of patients with 12-month alcohol dependence by treatment and sex

From: Alcohol dependence and treatment utilization in Europe – a representative cross-sectional study in primary care

 

Male patients with AD (N = 558)

Female patients with AD (N = 262)

No treatment received (N = 423)

Treatment received (N = 135)

No treatment received (N = 214)

Treatment received (N = 48)

Age mean (SD)

44.5 (14.2)

49.0 (11.5)a

43.4 (14.7)

47.1 (11.3)

SES – self classified % (CI) below average

33.2 (28.6 - 37.9)

37.5 (28.9 - 46.1)

30.6 (24.3 - 37.0)

41.6 (27.1 - 56.1)

Unemployed for health or other reason % (CI)

23.5 (19.4 - 27.6)

26.4 (18.8 - 34.1)

26.4 (20.5 - 32.3)

31.5 (18.0 - 44.9)

Smoking % (CI)

59.0 (54.2 - 63.8)

69.1 (61.0 - 77.2)

53.3 (46.5 - 60.1)

54.4 (39.8 - 68.9)

BMI mean (SD)

26.3 (5.3)

26.6 (6.0)

24.8 (5.5)

25.9 (6.0)

Hypertension % (CI)

31.2 (26.7 - 35.7)

44.7 (36.0 - 53.4)

28.0 (21.9 - 34.1)

40.1 (25.6 - 54.7)

Liver problems % (CI)

10.9 (8.0 - 13.9)

28.1 (20.1 - 36.1)a

7.6 (3.9 - 11.3)

25.7 (12.8 - 38.5)

Depression % (CI)

10.5 (7.5 - 13.5)

20.6 (13.6 - 27.6)

13.1 (8.3 - 17.9)

32.5 (18.4 - 46.6)

Anxiety % (CI)

14.1 (10.8 - 17.4)

28.0 (20.0 - 35.9)a

18.3 (13.0 - 23.5)

34.4 (20.2 - 48.6)

K10

    

 Above cut-off for serious mental distress % (CI)

8.2 (5.5 - 10.9)

20.6 (13.5 - 27.7)a

13.9 (9.1 - 18.6)

14.2 (3.2 - 25.2)

 Total score mean (SD)

8.9 (7.6)

13.4 (9.3)a

11.3 (8.9)

12.7 (9.1)

WHODAS 2.0 mean (SD)

    

 Number of days of inability to carry out usual activities or work due to health condition

2.3 (6.4)

4.4 (9.0)

2.2 (5.7)

2.2 (6.4)

 Total score

12.1 (15.4)

18.5 (19.4)a

13.0 (14.7)

17.5 (17.5)

Amount of ethanol used daily (in gram)b mean (SD)

50.8 (46.2)

90.3 (78.8)a

43.3 (48.7)

64.9 (63.4)

Chronic heavy drinkingb % (CI) at least 100 g ethanol daily

12.6 (8.5 - 16.7)

29.9 (20.2 - 39.6)a

9.3 (3.1 - 15.4)

23.1 (5.2 - 41.1)

Binge drinkingb % (CI) at least 200 g ethanol at least weekly

15.6 (11.1 - 20.2)

21.6 (12.8 - 30.4)

10.2 (3.9 - 16.6)

19.2 (2.3 - 3.6)

  1. Note. Data was weighted with inverse sampling probabilities.
  2. AD = 12-month alcohol dependence, determined by GP & CIDI. SD = standard deviation. SES = socioeconomic status. CI = 95 % confidence interval based on standard error. BMI = Body-Mass-Index. K10 = Kessler Psychological Distress Scale; cut-off for severe mental distress was 21 points in a total score range from 0 – 40. WHODAS 2.0 = World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 – total score range: 0 – 100.
  3. ap significant for Bonferroni-adjusted thresholds (p < .05/16 tests on the same sample = .003125) in Wald tests comparing AD cases with and without treatment within sex.
  4. bexcluding past-year abstainers and low-level drinkers (i.e. drunk less than 10 g pure ethanol per day) from all analyses
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