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Table 6 Factors associated with obtaining advice, being referred and attending referral using unadjusted univariate and adjusted multilevel analysis

From: Does health literacy affect patients’ receipt of preventative primary care? A multilevel analysis

 

Advice on lifestyle changes

Referral to lifestyle programs

Attendance at referral to lifestyle programs

Parameters (reference category)

% getting advice (ref cat)

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

#Adjusted OR (95% CI)

% being referred (ref cat)

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

#Adjusted OR (95% CI)

% attending (ref cat)

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

#Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Demographics

Age, years

55–70 (40–54)

13.9 (18.1)

0.73 (0.49 to 1.09)

-

6.1 (3.7)

1.67 (0.83 to 3.37)

-

8.5 (4.0)

2.21 (1.15 to 4.24)

1.92 (0.91 to 4.30)

Male patients (female)

21.8 (13.0)

1.87 (1.24 to 2.81)

1.36 (0.86 to 2.14)

5.8 (4.7)

1.24 (0.62 to 2.48)

-

7.6 (6.1)

1.26 (0.68 to 2.33)

-

Born outside Australia (Australian born)

15.5 (15.8)

0.98 (0.62 to 1.56)

-

5.5 (4.9)

1.14 (0.54 to 2.40)

-

9.4 (5.6)

1.74 (0.94 to 3.23)

-

Non-English speaking at home (English speaking at home)

37.0 (14.8)

3.40 (1.51 to 7.62)

4.79 (1.99 to 11.55)

7.4 (5.0)

1.53 (0.35 to 6.72)

-

14.8 (6.0)

2.74 (0.91 to 8.29)

-

No university education (having university education)

15.9 (15.4)

1.04 (0.69 to 1.59)

-

5.2 (4.3)

1.22 (0.59 to 2.52)

-

7.3 (4.7)

1.59 (0.81 to 3.13)

-

Non-participation in labour force (in labour force)

17.9 (14.3)

1.30 (0.86 to 1.97)

-

8.8 (3.2)

2.90 (1.50 to 5.78)

2.99 (1.43 to 6.22)

10.4 (4.6)

2.37 (1.32 to 4.28)

2.04 (1.04 to 4.02)

Home owner (not owning their home)

16.0 (12.3)

1.36 (0.66 to 2.81)

-

4.7 (8.2)

0.55 (0.22 to 1.37)

-

6.2 (9.6)

0.62 (0.27 to 1.45)

-

Patient risk factors

Insufficient health literacy (sufficient health literacy)

20.2 (11.5)

1.96 (1.30 to 2.95)

1.71 (1.10 to 2.65)

7.7 (2.7)

3.04 (1.45 to 6.38)

3.09 (1.38 to 6.91)

10.0 (3.5)

3.08 (1.60 to 5.93)

3.44 (1.69 to 7.00)

Diet risk (having adequate fruits and vegetables intake)

16.3 (11.3)

1.54 (0.87 to 2.70)

-

4.8 (5.6)

0.85 (0.38 to 1.90)

-

6.2 (7.7)

0.79 (0.39 to 1.58)

-

Alcohol risk (drinking ≤2 standards drinks in a day)

16.8 (15.3)

1.12 (0.72 to 1.75)

-

4.7 (5.0)

0.94 (0.43 to 2.03)

-

5.3 (6.9)

0.75 (0.36 to 1.54)

-

Physical activity risk (doing adequate physical activity)

16.8 (13.3)

1.32 (0.88 to 2.00)

-

5.0 (4.6)

1.07 (0.54 to 2.13)

-

6.7 (5.6)

1.22 (0.66 to 2.25)

-

Weight risk (having normal range BMI)

20.0 (8.3)

2.75 (1.70 to 4.45)

2.53 (1.52 to 4.22)

7.2 (1.7)

4.41 (1.69 to 11.51)

2.96 (1.13 to 7.79)

8.7 (3.5)

2.64 (1.29 to 5.41)

1.87 (0.89 to 3.95)

Practice characteristics

5+ GPs (<5 GPs)

11.3 (19.1)

0.54 (0.36 to 0.82)

0.57 (0.35 to 0.93)

3.3 (6.5)

0.49 (0.24 to 1.01)

-

4.2 (8.4)

0.47 (0.25 to 0.90)

0.42 (0.16 to 1.07)

State capital cities (inner regional)

14.8 (27.3)

0.46 (0.23 to 0.93)

0.63 (0.28 to 1.41)

5.0 (4.5)

1.11 (0.26 to 4.79)

-

6.3 (9.1)

0.68 (0.23 to 1.98)

-

Between provider variance (SE*)

 

-

0.022 (0.092)

 

-

0.781 (0.464)

 

-

0.645 (0.375)

Explained variance** (%)

 

-

19.1

 

-

13.2

 

-

43.3

  1. #Adjusted for significant confounding factors including practice characteristics and cluster effect using multilevel analysis.
  2. *Standard error.
  3. **Explained between practice variance using the variance in the empty model as reference.