Table 2 Perceived health status, health-related quality of life, coping strategies, and loneliness.

N

M

SD

N

M

SD

N

M

SD

Psychological distress (GHQ-12)^a

191

10.92

5.04

2261

9.58

4.68

7291

9.10

4.47

p < .001^c; p < .001^d

Health related quality of Life (SF-36)^b

   Physical functioning

192

67.8

30.1

2257

75.4

27.0

7295

84.6

22.6

p < .001^c; p < .001^d

   Social functioning

192

83.3

31.3

2260

90.2

28.6

7301

95.7

25.0

p < .01^c; p < .001^d

   Role limitations physical

192

56.1

44.1

2261

68.5

40.8

7301

77.7

36.6

p < .001^c; p < .001^d

   Role limitations emotional

192

75.9

39.5

2261

86.5

30.2

7302

89.0

27.4

p < .001^c; p < .001^d

   Mental functioning

192

69.1

20.7

2259

76.7

17.3

7300

79.4

16.2

p < .001^c; p < .001^d

   Vitality

192

56.3

22.8

2257

64.5

20.3

7290

68.5

19.1

p < .001^c; p < .001^d

   Pain

192

62.7

29.7

2264

73.0

26.7

7307

79.6

23.9

p < .001^c; p < .001^d

   General health

192

53.8

22.4

2259

59.8

21.2

7291

67.5

20.3

p < .001^c; p < .001^d

Chronic diseases

192

1.18

1.19

2265

1.27

1.22

7314

0.77

1.04

p = .39^c; p < .001^d

Coping style (CISS-21)^e

   Task oriented

188

3.41

0.83

2229

3.46

0.79

7233

3.55

0.76

p = .44^c; p < .05^d

   Emotion oriented

188

2.49

0.86

2226

2.40

0.81

7233

2.39

0.80

p = .12^c; p = .08^d

   Avoidance oriented

189

2.42

0.89

2234

2.34

0.91

7247

2.42

0.91

p = .24^c; p = .98^d

Social isolation/loneliness (UCLA)^f

190

8.26

2.58

2253

7.81

2.12

7292

7.57

2.07

p < .05^c; p < .001^d