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Table 3 Adjusted Odds of Self-reported Diabetes Complications for Subjects with Inadequate and Marginal Literacy Compared to Adequate Literacy

From: Literacy and health outcomes: a cross-sectional study in 1002 adults with diabetes

Complication

No. of Study Subjects with Complication.

Odds Ratio (95% CI)*

P Value

Retinopathy

Inadequate

29 (30%)

+ 1.88 (+0.90, +3.91)

.09

 

Marginal

21 (34%)

+ 2.30 (+0.63, +8.44)

.21

 

Adequate

139 (18%)

+ 1.0

 

Nephropathy

Inadequate

8 (15%)

+1.05 (+0.39, +2.80)

.93

 

Marginal

0 (0%)

+ 0.99 (+0.95, +1.03)

.53

 

Adequate

36 (9%)

+ 1.0

 

Foot/Leg Problems

Inadequate

30 (30%)

+0.52 (+0.24, +1.16)

.11

 

Marginal

27 (44%)

+ 1.39 (+0.47, +4.12)

.55

 

Adequate

231 (30%)

+ 1.0

 

Gastroparesis

Inadequate

9 (9%)

+ 1.92 (+0.58, +6.36)

.28

 

Marginal

6 (10%)

+ 1.98 (+0.26, +18.07)

.55

 

Adequate

41 (6%)

+ 1.0

 

Coronary artery disease

Inadequate

32 (30%)

+ 0.76 (+0.36, +1.63)

.49

 

Marginal

18 (27%)

+ 1.12 (+0.34, +3.70)

.85

 

Adequate

144 (17%)

+ 1.0

 

Cerebrovascular disease

Inadequate

22 (21%)

+ 0.86 (+0.39, +1.91)

.72

 

Marginal

11 (17%)

+ 0.65 (+1.66, +2.57)

.54

 

Adequate

85 (10%)

+ 1.0

 
  1. *Adjusted for age, sex, race, marital status, insurance, income, duration of diabetes, diabetes education, depression, alcohol use, hypertension, and medication use specific for blood pressure, diabetes, or lipid management and accounting for clustering of patients with physicians. Smoking was included in the models for foot/leg conditions, cerebrovascular disease, and coronary artery disease.