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Table 3 Associations between patient factors and PHQ-9 screening outcome

From: Detection and management of depression in adult primary care patients in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional survey conducted by a primary care practice-based research network

Patient factor

PHQ + ve, n (%)

PHQ-ve, n (%)

χ2 (df)

Multiple logistic regression (n = 7675)a

 

Wald χ2 (df)b/Adj. OR (95% CI)

 

Gender

  

44.41 (1)**

11.24 (1)**

4.55 (1)*

Male

336 (32.4)

3721 (43.2)

 

1.00

1.00

Female

702 (67.6)

4897 (56.8)

 

1.36 (1.14 - 1.62)

1.22 (1.02 - 1.46)

Age group

  

17.11 (2)**

9.99 (2)**

11.89 (2)**

18-34 yrs

316 (31.1)

2201 (26.0)

 

1.00

1.00

35-54 yrs

371 (36.5)

3045 (35.9)

 

0.95 (0.76 - 1.18)

0.87 (0.70 - 1.09)

55+ yrs

329 (32.4)

3232 (38.1)

 

0.63 (0.46 - 0.87)

0.58 (0.42 - 0.80)

Education

  

0.45 (1)

0.01 (1)

0.09 (1)

Secondary or above

772 (75.0)

6514 (75.9)

 

1.00

1.00

Primary or no formal education

258 (25.0)

2069 (24.1)

 

0.99 (0.78 - 1.25)

1.04 (0.82 - 1.32)

Marital status

  

71.62 (1)**

28.18 (1)**

24.14 (1)**

Married

508 (49.3)

5394 (62.9)

 

1.00

1.00

Single/separated/divorced/widowed

523 (50.7)

3188 (37.1)

 

1.62 (1.35 - 1.93)

1.57 (1.31 - 1.88)

Working Status

  

83.98 (4)**

32.09 (4)**

22.70 (4)**

Employed

582 (57.6)

5395 (63.5)

 

1.00

1.00

Unemployed

48 (4.7)

116 (1.4)

 

2.74 (1.79 - 4.18)

2.31 (1.48 - 3.60)

Retired

201 (19.8)

1833 (21.6)

 

0.97 (0.72 - 1.31)

0.95 (0.70 - 1.29)

House-maker

129 (12.7)

899 (10.6)

 

1.33 (1.01 - 1.75)

1.30 (0.98 - 1.73)

Student

52 (5.1)

248 (2.9)

 

1.70 (1.17 - 2.47)

1.62 (1.11 - 2.37)

Household monthly income

  

75.00 (1)**

28.93 (1)**

27.23 (1)**

More than HK$30,000

220 (24.6)

2951 (39.4)

 

1.00

1.00

HK30,000 or below

676 (75.4)

4539 (60.6)

 

1.66 (1.38 - 2.00)

1.65 (1.37 - 2.00)

Ethnicity

  

0.01 (1)

1.08 (1)

0.16 (1)

Chinese

1039 (96.3)

8471 (96.3)

 

1.00

1.00

Non-Chinese

40 (3.7)

321 (3.7)

 

1.27 (0.81 - 1.98)

1.10 (0.69 - 1.74)

Smoking habit

  

19.24 (1)**

10.09 (1)**

8.90 (1)**

Non- or ex-smoker

847 (82.6)

7511 (87.4)

 

1.00

1.00

Current smoker

179 (17.4)

1079 (12.6)

 

1.44 (1.15 - 1.81)

1.42 (1.13 - 1.79)

Alcohol use

  

0.18 (1)

0.40 (1)

0.26 (1)

Less than once a week or never

904 (87.9)

7510 (87.4)

 

1.00

1.00

More than once a week

125 (12.1)

1084 (12.6)

 

1.08 (0.85 - 1.39)

1.07 (0.83 - 1.38)

Regular exercise pattern

  

57.12 (1)**

29.46 (1)**

 

Yes

647 (63.2)

6361 (74.3)

 

1.00

1.00

No exercise at all

377 (36.8)

2204 (25.7)

 

1.58 (1.34 - 1.86)

1.58 (1.33 - 1.86)

Seen a doctor in past 4 weeks

  

94.67 (1)**

41.12 (1)**

30.88 (1)**

No

356 (33.0)

4276 (48.7)

 

1.00

1.00

More than once

723 (67.0)

4512 (51.3)

 

1.70 (1.45 - 2.00)

1.60 (1.36 - 1.89)

Seen a TCM practitioner in past 4 weeks

  

87.93 (1)**

32.20 (1)**

31.28 (1)**

No

751 (69.6)

7176 (81.6)

 

1.00

1.00

More than once

328 (30.4)

1615 (18.4)

 

1.70 (1.41 - 2.03)

1.70 (1.41 - 2.05)

Disease co-morbidity

  

71.11 (2)**

63.57 (2)**

48.96 (2)**

None

437 (42.3)

4319 (50.2)

 

1.00

1.00

One

223 (21.6)

2207 (25.7)

 

1.25 (1.01 - 1.55)

1.19 (0.96 - 1.48)

Two or more

374 (36.2)

2071 (24.1)

 

2.45 (1.95 - 3.08)

2.22 (1.76 - 2.80)

Family history mental illness

  

37.88 (1)**

31.05 (1)**

16.62 (1)**

No

869 (85.8)

7716 (91.6)

 

1.00

1.00

Yes

144 (14.2)

704 (8.4)

 

1.89 (1.51 - 2.36)

1.62 (1.28 - 2.04)

Service sector

  

8.37 (1)**

2.49 (1)

 

Public

318 (29.5)

2232 (25.4)

 

1.00

1.00

Private

761 (70.5)

6560 (74.6)

 

0.85 (0.70 - 1.04)

0.85 (0.70 - 1.05)

Self-reported depression history c

  

420.70 (1)**

 

125.97 (1)**

No

795 (78.0)

8104 (95.1)

  

1.00

Yes

224 (22.0)

420 (4.9)

  

4.10 (3.20 - 5.24)

Self-reported other mental illness history c

  

110.70 (1)**

 

4.82 (1)*

No

888 (91.1)

8195 (97.4)

  

1.00

Yes

87 (8.9)

219 (2.6)

  

1.51 (1.05 - 2.17)

  1. *p < .05; **p < .01.
  2. aModel Chi-square = 546.73, df = 22, p < .001; Nagelkerke R-square = 0.143; Hosmer & Lemeshow Test, Chi-square = 14.42, df = 8, p = 0.072.
  3. bWald test statistics are shown in italic.
  4. cFactors entered in second block of the regression model; Block Chi-square = 141.46, df = 2, p < .001.