|
Age, mean ± SD (range), years
|
64.4 ± 7.4 (31–75)
|
|
Male gender, n (%)
|
148 (55.0)
|
|
Education, n (%)
| |
|
Middle school
|
83 (30.9)
|
|
High school
|
123 (45.7)
|
|
Vocational school/2-year college
|
23 (8.6)
|
|
University or higher
|
33 (12.3)
|
|
No answer
|
7 (2.6)
|
|
Self-rated economic status, n (%)
| |
|
Lower
|
85 (31.6)
|
|
Middle
|
142 (52.8)
|
|
Upper
|
38 (14.1)
|
|
No answer
|
4 (1.5)
|
|
Internet use by themselves, n (%)
| |
|
Yes
|
58 (21.6)
|
|
No
|
205 (76.2)
|
|
No answer
|
6 (2.2)
|
|
Social support, mean ± SD (range)
|
5.1 ± 1.3 (1–7)
|
|
Time since the diagnosis of diabetes, mean ± SD (range), years
|
11.0 ± 9.4 (1–48)
|
|
Hemoglobin A1c, mean ± SD (range), %
|
7.6 ± 1.1 (5.6–13.1)
|
|
BMI, mean ± SD (range), kg/m2
|
24.8 ± 3.9 (15.6–43.6)
|
|
Understanding of diabetes care, mean ± SD (range)
|
3.78 ± 0.75 (1–5)
|
|
Self-efficacy for diabetes management, mean ± SD (range)
|
2.69 ± 0.58 (1–4)
|
|
Number of oral glucose-lowering drugs, n (%)
| |
|
None
|
77 (28.6)
|
|
One
|
107 (39.8)
|
|
Two
|
62 (23.0)
|
|
More than three
|
23 (8.6)
|
|
Insulin use, n (%)
|
59 (21.9)
|
|
Complications, n (%)
| |
|
None
|
153 (56.9)
|
|
Retinopathy
|
45 (16.7)
|
|
Nephropathy
|
75 (27.9)
|
|
Neuropathy
|
20 (7.4)
|
|
Ischemic heart disease
|
19 (7.1)
|
|
Stroke
|
15 (5.6)
|
