Comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review

BMC Primary Care

Table 4 Evidence summary and GRADE analysis

Comparison	Outcome period (quantitative sleep measures)	Conclusion	Quantity and type of evidence	Starting level of evidence strength	Quality	Inconsistency	Sparse or imprecise	Final level of evidence strength
CBT-I vs. benzodiazepines	Short term	Improved less with CBT-I	3 RCT	High	–2	–1	0	Very low
	Long term	Improved more with CBT-I	3 RCT	High	–1	0	0	Moderate
CBT-I vs. non-benzodiazepines	Short term	Improved more with CBT-I	2 RCT	High	–1	0	0	Moderate
	Long term	Improved more with CBT-I	1 RCT	High	–1	0	–1	Low

Evidence assessed using methods of the GRADE Working Group [26–28].
Evidence strength ratings:
High: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low: Any estimate of effect is very uncertain.
Short term outcomes typically 4 to 8 weeks, long-term outcomes typically 6 to 12 months.

ISSN: 2731-4553