Table 1 Studies comparing CBT-I to pharmacological therapies: methods

CBT-I vs. zopiclone

Sievertsen 2006 [29]

RCT

46 patients, age 55 and up

Individual CBT-I,6 weekly sessions

Zopiclone, 7.5 mg nightly

Sleep diaries, polysomnography

Study also included placebo group. Zopiclone patients had option to continue it after 6 week period.

Norway

5

12 months

Daytime outcomes reported in [35]

CBT-I vs. zolpidem

Jacobs 2004 [30]

RCT

63 patients, age 25-64

Individual CBT-I, 5 sessions, 6 weeks; plus 1 telephone session

Zolpidem, see comment

Sleep diaries, sleep monitor

Dose 10 mg→5 mg→5 mg q2d over 6 week period.

USA

5

12 months

CBT-I vs. temazepam

Wu 2006 [32]

RCT

77 patients

Individual CBT-I 2 per week, 8 weeks

Temazepam, see comment

Sleep diaries, polysomnography

Dose 7.5 mg→30 mg→15 mg over 8 week period

China

3

8 months

Study also included placebo and combined therapy groups

Morin 1999 [31]

RCT

78 patients, age 55 and up

Group CBT-I 8 weekly sessions

Temazepam, see comment

Sleep diaries, polysomnography

Dose 7.5 mg→30 mg as needed over 8 week period

Study also included placebo and combined therapy groups.

Canada

6

24 months

Adverse effects reported in [36]

Patient attitudes reported in [37]

CBT-I vs. triazolam

McCluskey 1991 [33]

RCT

30 patients

Group CBT-I 2 per week, 3 weeks

Triazolam, 0.5 mg, then tapered to 0

Sleep diaries

Triazolam group also had weeklygroup meetings but no CBT-I

USA

4

9 weeks