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Table 4 Pooled positive and negative likelihood ratio and diagnostic odds ratio whith theirs 95% conficence interval, inconsitency index and heterogeneity chi-squared significance for all clinical findings analized

From: Does clinical examination aid in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in women? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Clinical findings analized

Number of studies

Sample size

Pooled Positive Likelihood Ratio

  

Pooled Negative Likelihood Ratio

  

Pooled Diagnostic Odds Ratio

  
   

PLRp (95% CI)

% I2

p (Chi2)

NLRp (95% CI)

% I2

p (Chi2)

DORp (95% CI)

% I2

p (Chi2)

Dysuria

8

1862

1.09 (1.03 - 0.16)

41.7

0, 1

0.80 (0.68 - 0.94)

0

0, 613

1, 40 (1, 13-1, 73)

0

0, 470

Frequency

8

1861

1.03 (0.99 - 1.08)

63.8

0, 007

0.83 (0.65 - 1.06)

49.3

0, 055

1, 25 (0, 97-1, 61)

52, 2

0, 041

Suprapubic pain

7

2409

0.81 (0.73 - 0.89)

63.4

0, 012

1.14 (1.07-1.21)

40.8

0, 119

0, 66 (0, 56 - 0, 79)

49, 7

0, 064

Back pain

7

1512

1.15 (0.96-1.37)

26.5

0, 227

0.95 (0.90 - 1.01)

0

0, 6

1, 24 (0, 96 - 1, 59

15, 9

0, 309

History of UTI

4

998

1.23 (0.99 - 1.27)

59.3

0, 061

0.89 (0.79 - 1.01)

41.6

0, 162

1, 27 (1, 00 - 1, 60)

52, 1

0, 1

Fever

4

797

0.69 (0.43 - 1.11)

36.1

0, 195

1.04 (0.99 - 1.08)

51.9

0, 101

0, 65 (0, 41 - 1, 05)

39, 0

0, 178

Vaginal discharge

4

722

0.63 (0.49 - 0.80)

0

0, 428

1.18 (1.08 - 1.28)

78.7

0, 003

0, 50 (0, 36 - 0, 70)

0

0, 401

Leukocytes *

4

705

1.42 (1.23 - 1.57)

87.8

< 0, 001

0.44 (0.35 - 0.56)

0

0, 516

3, 58 (2, 53 - 5, 07)

0

0, 914

Urgency

4

577

1.18 (1.04 - 1.34)

28.3

0, 242

0.75 (0.62 - 0.94)

89.3

< 0, 001

1, 61 (1, 15 - 2, 27)

40, 5

0, 163

Nitrites *

3

626

6.51 (4.24 - 10.01)

65.2

0, 056

0.58 (0.52 - 0.64)

58.0

0, 093

11, 3 (6, 95-18, 35)

51, 6

0, 126

Dysuria & urgency §

2

1149

1.53 (0, 94 - 2.50)

94.2

< 0, 001

0.44 (0.21 - 0.92)

89.9

0, 002

3, 47 (1, 04 - 11, 62)

92, 0

< 0, 001

Sexual activity §

2

584

1.14 (0, 90 - 1.44)

75.0

0, 05

0.66 (0.28 - 1, 58)

89.8

0, 002

1, 71 (0, 58 - 5, 05)

87, 6

0, 004

Nocturia

2

415

1.28 (1.08 - 1.52)

0

0, 955

0.72 (0.57 - 0.92)

0

0, 508

1, 79 (1, 17 - 2, 69)

0

0, 777

Vaginal irritation

2

361

0.90 (0.57 - 1.42)

36.3

0, 210

1.02 (0.94 - 1.11)

0

0, 373

0, 87 (0, 48 - 1, 59)

17, 6

0, 271

Frequency & dysuria

2

284

1.10 (0.98 - 1.23)

39.3

0, 199

0.67 (0.41 - 1.09)

77.2

0, 036

1, 66 (0, 91 - 3, 02)

72, 7

0, 056

  1. PLRp (95% CI) Pooled Positive Likelihood Ratio and its 95% confidence interval
  2. NLRp (95% CI) Pooled Negative Likelihood Ratio and its 95% confidence interval
  3. DORp (95% CI) Pooled Diagnostic Odds Ratio and its 95% confidence interval
  4. I2 Inconsitency Index
  5. p (Chi2) heterogeneity chi-squared significance
  6. * Measured by Dipstick test in urine sample
  7. § Index calculated by random effects model (else by fixed effects model)