Hirschmann JV, Lipsky BA: The pneumococcal vaccine after 15 years of use. Arch Intern Med. 1994, 154: 373-377. 10.1001/archinte.154.4.373.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fedson DS, Shapiro ED, LaForce FM, Mufson MA, Musher DM, Spika JS, Breiman RF, Broome CV: Pneumococcal vaccine after 15 years of use. Another view. Arch Intern Med . 1994, 154: 2531-2535. 10.1001/archinte.154.22.2531.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. : Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunizing Practices. 1997, 46 (No RR-8): 1-25.
Google Scholar
Fine MJ, Smith MA, Carson CA, Meffe F, Sankey SS, Weissfeld LA, Detsky AS, Kapoor WN: Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination in adults. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 1994, 134: 2666-2677.
Article
Google Scholar
Hutchison BG, Oxman AD, Shannon HS, Lloyd S, Altmayer CA, Thomas K: Clinical effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccine. Meta-analysis. Can Fam Physician. 1999, 45: 2381-2393.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Salisbury DM, Begg T: Immunisation against infectious disease. HMSO, London. 1996, 167-172.
Google Scholar
Anon : The place of pneumococcal vaccination. Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin. 1998, 36: 73-76.
Article
Google Scholar
Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJM, Gavaghan DJ, McQuay HJ: Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary?. Control Clin Trials. 1996, 17: 1-12. 10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Morris JA, Gardner MJ: Statistics with confidence - Confidence intervals and statistical guidelines. In Calculating confidence intervals for relative risk, odds ratios, and standardised ratios and rates, (Edited by Gardner MJ and Altman DJ) British Medical Journal, London,. 1995, 50-63.
Google Scholar
Gavaghan DJ, Moore RA, McQuay HJ: An evaluation of homogeneity tests in meta-analysis in pain using simulations of individual patient data. Pain. 2000, 85: 415-424. 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00302-4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cook RJ, Sackett DL: The number needed to treat: a clinically useful measure of treatment effect. BMJ. 1995, 310: 452-454.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Austrian R, Douglas RM, Schiffman G, Coetzee AM, Koornman HJ, Hayden-Smith S, Reid RD: Prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia by vaccination. Trans Assoc Am Physician. 1976, 89: 184-194.
CAS
Google Scholar
Smit P, Oberholzer D, Hayden-Smith S, Koornhof HJ, Hillman MR: Protective efficacy of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines. JAMA. 1977, 238: 2613-2616. 10.1001/jama.238.24.2613.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Riley ID, Tarr PI, Andrews M, Pfeiffer M, Howard R, Challands P, Jennison G: Immunisation with a polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine. Lancet. 1977, I: 1338-1341. 10.1016/S0140-6736(77)92552-1.
Article
Google Scholar
Austrian R: Surveillance of pneumoccal infection for field trials of polyvalent pneumococcal vaccines. National Institute of Health Publication DAB-VDP-12-84. Contract No 1A13257. Bethesda MD. 1980, 1-59.
Google Scholar
Gaillat J, Zmirou D, Mallaret MR, Rouhan D, Bru JP, Stahl JP, Delormas P, Micoud M: Essai clinique du vaccin antipneumococcique ches des personnages agées vivant en institution. Rev Epidem Santé Publ . 1985, 33: 437-444.
CAS
Google Scholar
Klatersky J, Mommen P, Canteraine F, Safary A: Placebo controlled pneumococcal immunization in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1986, 22: 807-813.
Article
Google Scholar
Simberkoff MS, Cross AP, Al-Ibrahim M, Baltch AL, Geiseler PJ, Nadler J, Richmond AS, Smith RP, Schiffman G, Shepard DS, et al: Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in high-risk patients. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Eng J Med. 1986, 315: 1318-1327.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Davis AL, Aranda CP, Schiffman G, Christianson LC: Pneumococcal infection and immunologic response to pneumococcal vaccine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest. 1987, 92: 202-212.
Article
Google Scholar
Leech JA, Gervais A, Ruben FL: Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Can Med Assoc J . 1987, 136: 361-365.
CAS
Google Scholar
Koivula I, Stén M, Leinonen M, Mäkelä PH: Clinical efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in the elderly: a randomized, single-blind population-based study. Am J Med. 1997, 103: 281-290. 10.1016/S0002-9343(97)00149-6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Örtqvist A, Hedlund J, Burman L-A, Elbel E, Höfer M, Leinonen M, Lindblad I, Sundelof B, Kalin M: Randomised trial of 23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine in prevention of pneumonia in middle-aged and elderly people. Lancet. 1998, 351: 399-403. 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07358-3.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
French N, Nakiyingi J, Carpenter M, Lugadda E, Watera C, Moi K, Moore M, Antvelink D, Mulder D, Janoff EN, Whitworth J, Gilks CF: 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults: double-blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial. Lancet. 2000, 355: 2106-2111. 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02377-1.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kaufman P: Pneumonia in old age: active immunization against pneumonia with pneumococcus polysaccharide, results of a six year study. Arch Intern Med. 1947, 79: 518-531.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
MacLoed CM, Hodges RG, Heidelberger M, Bernhard WG: Prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia by immunization with specific capsular polysaccharides. J Exp Med. 1945, 82: 445-465.
Article
Google Scholar
Honkanen PO, Keistinen T, Miettinen L, Herva E, Sankilampi U, Laara E, Leinonen SL, Makela PH: Incremental effectioveness of pneumococcal vaccine on simultaneously administered influenza vaccine in preventing pneumonia and pneumococcal pneumonia among persons aged 65 years or older. Vaccine. 1999, 17: 2493-2500. 10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00069-9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Black S, Shinefield H, Fireman B, Lewis E, Ray P, Hansen JR, Elvin L, Ensor KM, Hackell J, Siber G, Malinoski F, Madore D, Chang I, Kohberger R, Watson W, Austrian R, Edwards K: Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J . 2000, 19: 187-195. 10.1097/00006454-200003000-00003.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman DG: Empirical evidence of bias: Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA. 1995, 273: 408-412. 10.1001/jama.273.5.408.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carroll D, Tramèr M, McQuay H, Nye B, Moore A: Randomization is important in studies with pain outcomes: systematic review of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in acute postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth. 1996, 77: 798-803.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gøtzsche PC, Olsen O: Is screening for breast cancer with mammography justifiable?. Lancet. 2000, 355: 29-34. 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)06065-1.
Google Scholar
Prescription Cost Analysis in England 1997. Department of Health/NHSE. 2000
Laurichesse H, Grimaud O, Waight P, Johnson AP, George RC, Miller E: Pneumococcal bacteraemia and meningitis in England and Wales, 1993 to 1995. Commun Dis and Public Health . 1998, 1: 22-27.
CAS
Google Scholar
Fedson DF: Efficacy, cost-effectiveness and use of pneumococcal vaccine. Abstracts of the first International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases. Helsingor,. 1998, 62-
Google Scholar
Clemens JD, Shapiro ED: Resolving the pneumococcal vaccine controversy: are there alternatives to randomized controlled trials?. Rev Infect Dis. 1984, 6: 589-600.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Obaro SK, Monteil M, Henderson DC: The pneumococcal problem. BMJ. 1996, 312: 1521-1525.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nuorti JP, Butler JC, Crutcher JM, Guevara R, Welch D, Holder P, Elliott JA: An outbreak of multi-drug resistant pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteremia among unvaccinated nursing home residents. N Engl J Med . 1998, 338: 1861-1868. 10.1056/NEJM199806253382601.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shapiro ED, Berg AT, Austrian R, Schroeder D, Parcells V, Margolis A, Adair RK, Clemens JD: The protective efficacy of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. N Engl J Med . 1991, 325: 1453-1460.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sankilampi U, Honkanen PO, Bloigu A, Leinonen M: Persistence of antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine in the elderly. J Infect Dis. 1997, 176: 1100-1104.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Musher D: Pneumococcal outbreaks in nursing homes. N Engl J Med. 1998, 338: 1915-1916. 10.1056/NEJM199806253382610.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nichol KL, MacDonald R, Hauge M: Side effects associated with pneumococcal vaccination. Am J Infect Control . 1997, 25: 223-228.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jackson LA, Benson P, Sneller V-P, et al: Safety of revaccination with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. JAMA . 1999, 281: 243-248. 10.1001/jama.281.3.243.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar